1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, NY. Electronic address: psd6@columbia.edu.
2 Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA.
3 Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, and Columbia's Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, New York City, NY.
4 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA.