Extreme weather events and death based on temperature and CO₂ emission - A global retrospective study in 77 low-, middle- and high-income countries from 1999 to 2018

Due to rising temperatures and CO₂ emissions, climate change has become one of the most important global issues. We described the relationship between extreme weather-related events and death, globally, from 1999 through 2018. We used data from the emergency events database of the Université Catholique de Louvain. We also categorized the countries' income according to the World Bank GDP and we used the CO₂ emission levels data from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center to link the GDP and CO₂ emissions to years of extreme weather conditions in each country. We conducted descriptive and Poisson Regression analysis to analyze the data. A total of 77 countries reported 425 extreme weather-related events from1999 through 2018. Mortality related events were highest in middle-income countries due to severe winter conditions (N = 2,020) and cold-waves (N = 70,972). The total number of recorded deaths due to heat waves was highest in high-income countries (N = 84,344). Furthermore, the number of deaths in high-income countries, compared to low-income countries, was five-fold higher (IRR 5.18; 95%CI 4.58; 5.85, p < 0.001). The mortality rate in heat season was almost seven-fold higher than that in cold/severe winter (IRR 33.43; 95%CI 32.85; 34.02, p < 0.001). The number of deaths increased significantly with the repetition of extreme events (IRR 6.82; 95%CI 6.68; 6.96, p < 0.001). We found the number of deaths increased in high-income countries, and this was associated with an increase in the number of times extreme events occurred per year and with heat wave.