Alcohol use and alcohol use disorder differ in their genetic relationships with PTSD: A genomic structural equation modelling approach

Affiliations

• ¹ Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA. Electronic address: kaitlin.bountress@vcuhealth.org.
• ² Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Quantitative Sciences Program, Alpert Medical School at Brown University, USA.
• ³ Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA.
• ⁴ Behavioral, Psychiatric, and Statistical Genetics, Institute for Behavior Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.
• ⁵ Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA; Integrative Life Sciences Doctoral Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA.
• ⁶ National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA.
• ⁷ University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
• ⁸ VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham VAMC, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
• ⁹ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
• ¹⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
• ¹¹ Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
• ¹² Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
• ¹³ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, USA.
• ¹⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
• ¹⁵ VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham VAMC, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
• ¹⁶ NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
• ¹⁷ School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology Maastricht, The Netherlands; UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry Utrecht, University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Outpatient second opinion clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Warnsveld, The Netherlands.
• ¹⁸ Stress, Trauma, and Anxiety Research Clinic (STARC), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
• ¹⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.