The role of transposable elements in the evolution of aluminium resistance in plants

J Exp Bot. 2019 Jan 1;70(1):41-54. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ery357.

Abstract

Aluminium (Al) toxicity can severely reduce root growth and consequently affect plant development and yield. A mechanism by which many species resist the toxic effects of Al relies on the efflux of organic anions (OAs) from the root apices via OA transporters. Several of the genes encoding these OA transporters contain transposable elements (TEs) in the coding sequences or in flanking regions. Some of the TE-induced mutations impact Al resistance by modifying the level and/or location of gene expression so that OA efflux from the roots is increased. The importance of genomic modifications for improving the adaptation of plants to acid soils has been raised previously, but the growing number of examples linking TEs with these changes requires highlighting. Here, we review the role of TEs in creating genetic modifications that enhance the adaptation of plants to acid soils by increasing the release of OAs from the root apices. We argue that TEs have been an important source of beneficial mutations that have co-opted OA transporter proteins with other functions to perform this role. These changes have occurred relatively recently in the evolution of many species and likely facilitated their expansion into regions with acidic soils.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Aluminum / adverse effects*
  • DNA Transposable Elements / genetics*
  • DNA, Plant / genetics*
  • DNA, Plant / metabolism
  • Drug Resistance / genetics
  • Evolution, Molecular
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Plant* / drug effects
  • Plant Proteins / genetics
  • Plant Proteins / metabolism
  • Plants / drug effects
  • Plants / genetics*
  • Plants / metabolism
  • Soil Pollutants / adverse effects*

Substances

  • DNA Transposable Elements
  • DNA, Plant
  • Plant Proteins
  • Soil Pollutants
  • Aluminum