1 Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (S.T.).
2 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut (J.S.R., H.M.K.).
3 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (N.R.D.).
4 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut (J.D.R., G.M.G.).
5 Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (R.L.).
6 Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut (J.B.).
7 The BMJ, London, United Kingdom (S.S., T.G.).
8 Yale University School of Medicine, Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research (COPPER) Center, and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut (C.P.G.).