Epithelial IL-6 trans-signaling defines a new asthma phenotype with increased airway inflammation

J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Feb;143(2):577-590. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.026. Epub 2018 Jun 11.

Abstract

Background: Although several studies link high levels of IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) to asthma severity and decreased lung function, the role of IL-6 trans-signaling (IL-6TS) in asthmatic patients is unclear.

Objective: We sought to explore the association between epithelial IL-6TS pathway activation and molecular and clinical phenotypes in asthmatic patients.

Methods: An IL-6TS gene signature obtained from air-liquid interface cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with IL-6 and sIL-6R was used to stratify lung epithelial transcriptomic data (Unbiased Biomarkers in Prediction of Respiratory Disease Outcomes [U-BIOPRED] cohorts) by means of hierarchical clustering. IL-6TS-specific protein markers were used to stratify sputum biomarker data (Wessex cohort). Molecular phenotyping was based on transcriptional profiling of epithelial brushings, pathway analysis, and immunohistochemical analysis of bronchial biopsy specimens.

Results: Activation of IL-6TS in air-liquid interface cultures reduced epithelial integrity and induced a specific gene signature enriched in genes associated with airway remodeling. The IL-6TS signature identified a subset of patients with IL-6TS-high asthma with increased epithelial expression of IL-6TS-inducible genes in the absence of systemic inflammation. The IL-6TS-high subset had an overrepresentation of frequent exacerbators, blood eosinophilia, and submucosal infiltration of T cells and macrophages. In bronchial brushings Toll-like receptor pathway genes were upregulated, whereas expression of cell junction genes was reduced. Sputum sIL-6R and IL-6 levels correlated with sputum markers of remodeling and innate immune activation, in particular YKL-40, matrix metalloproteinase 3, macrophage inflammatory protein 1β, IL-8, and IL-1β.

Conclusions: Local lung epithelial IL-6TS activation in the absence of type 2 airway inflammation defines a novel subset of asthmatic patients and might drive airway inflammation and epithelial dysfunction in these patients.

Keywords: Asthma; IL-6 signaling; airway inflammation; eosinophils; epithelial integrity; exacerbation frequency; hierarchical clustering; lung epithelium; remodeling; transcriptomics.

Publication types

  • Observational Study
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Airway Remodeling
  • Asthma / immunology*
  • Biomarkers / metabolism*
  • Cells, Cultured
  • Cohort Studies
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Epithelial Cells / physiology*
  • Gene Expression Regulation
  • Humans
  • Inflammation / immunology*
  • Interleukin-6 / metabolism*
  • Lung / physiology*
  • Male
  • Phenotype
  • Receptors, Interleukin-6 / metabolism
  • Respiratory Hypersensitivity
  • Signal Transduction
  • Sputum / metabolism*
  • Transcriptome

Substances

  • Biomarkers
  • Interleukin-6
  • Receptors, Interleukin-6