Aging Exacerbates Neuroinflammatory Outcomes Induced by Acute Ozone Exposure

Toxicol Sci. 2018 May 1;163(1):123-139. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy014.

Abstract

The role of environmental stressors, particularly exposure to air pollution, in the development of neurodegenerative disease remains underappreciated. We examined the neurological effects of acute ozone (O3) exposure in aged mice, where increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability may confer vulnerability to neuroinflammatory outcomes. C57BL/6 male mice, aged 8-10 weeks or 12-18 months were exposed to either filtered air or 1.0 ppm O3 for 4 h; animals received a single IP injection of sodium fluorescein (FSCN) 20 h postexposure. One-hour post-FSCN injection, animals were transcardially perfused for immunohistochemical analysis of BBB permeability. β-amyloid protein expression was assessed via ELISA. Flow cytometric characterization of infiltrating immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and microglia populations was performed 20 h post-O3 exposure. Flow cytometry analysis of brains revealed increased microglia "activation" and presentation of CD11b, F4/80, and MHCII in aged animals relative to younger ones; these age-induced differences were potentiated by acute O3 exposure. Cortical and limbic regions in aged brains had increased reactive microgliosis and β-amyloid protein expression after O3 insult. The aged cerebellum was particularly vulnerable to acute O3 exposure with increased populations of infiltrating neutrophils, peripheral macrophages/monocytes, and Ly6C+ inflammatory monocytes after insult, which were not significantly increased in the young cerebellum. O3 exposure increased the penetration of FSCN beyond the BBB, the infiltration of peripheral immune cells, and reactive gliosis of microglia. Thus, the aged BBB is vulnerable to insult and becomes highly penetrable in response to O3 exposure, leading to greater neuroinflammatory outcomes.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Aging / drug effects*
  • Aging / immunology
  • Air Pollutants / pharmacokinetics
  • Air Pollutants / toxicity*
  • Amyloid beta-Peptides / metabolism
  • Animals
  • Blood-Brain Barrier / drug effects*
  • Blood-Brain Barrier / immunology
  • Blood-Brain Barrier / metabolism
  • Capillary Permeability
  • Cerebellum / drug effects
  • Cerebellum / immunology
  • Cerebellum / metabolism
  • Male
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Microglia / drug effects
  • Microglia / immunology
  • Microglia / metabolism
  • Neurogenic Inflammation / chemically induced*
  • Neurogenic Inflammation / immunology
  • Neurogenic Inflammation / metabolism
  • Neutrophil Infiltration / drug effects
  • Ozone / pharmacokinetics
  • Ozone / toxicity*

Substances

  • Air Pollutants
  • Amyloid beta-Peptides
  • Ozone