1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
2 Evans Center for Implementation and Improvement Sciences, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
3 Institute for Healthcare Delivery and Population Science and Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School - Baystate, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA. peter.lindenauer@baystatehealth.org.
4 Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.