Metabolic network failures in Alzheimer's disease: A biochemical road map

Alzheimers Dement. 2017 Sep;13(9):965-984. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.01.020. Epub 2017 Mar 22.

Abstract

Introduction: The Alzheimer's Disease Research Summits of 2012 and 2015 incorporated experts from academia, industry, and nonprofit organizations to develop new research directions to transform our understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and propel the development of critically needed therapies. In response to their recommendations, big data at multiple levels are being generated and integrated to study network failures in disease. We used metabolomics as a global biochemical approach to identify peripheral metabolic changes in AD patients and correlate them to cerebrospinal fluid pathology markers, imaging features, and cognitive performance.

Methods: Fasting serum samples from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (199 control, 356 mild cognitive impairment, and 175 AD participants) were analyzed using the AbsoluteIDQ-p180 kit. Performance was validated in blinded replicates, and values were medication adjusted.

Results: Multivariable-adjusted analyses showed that sphingomyelins and ether-containing phosphatidylcholines were altered in preclinical biomarker-defined AD stages, whereas acylcarnitines and several amines, including the branched-chain amino acid valine and α-aminoadipic acid, changed in symptomatic stages. Several of the analytes showed consistent associations in the Rotterdam, Erasmus Rucphen Family, and Indiana Memory and Aging Studies. Partial correlation networks constructed for Aβ1-42, tau, imaging, and cognitive changes provided initial biochemical insights for disease-related processes. Coexpression networks interconnected key metabolic effectors of disease.

Discussion: Metabolomics identified key disease-related metabolic changes and disease-progression-related changes. Defining metabolic changes during AD disease trajectory and its relationship to clinical phenotypes provides a powerful roadmap for drug and biomarker discovery.

Keywords: Acylcarnitines; Alzheimer's disease; Biochemical networks; Biomarkers; Branched-chain amino acids; Dementia; Metabolism; Metabolomics; Metabonomics; Pharmacometabolomics; Pharmacometabonomics; Phospholipids; Precision medicine; Serum; Sphingomyelins; Systems biology.

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • Aging / blood
  • Alzheimer Disease / blood*
  • Alzheimer Disease / cerebrospinal fluid
  • Alzheimer Disease / complications*
  • Alzheimer Disease / diagnostic imaging
  • Amino Acids / blood
  • Amyloid beta-Peptides / metabolism
  • Aniline Compounds / metabolism
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / blood
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / diagnostic imaging
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / etiology
  • Cohort Studies
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Fasting
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Metabolic Diseases / blood
  • Metabolic Diseases / cerebrospinal fluid
  • Metabolic Diseases / diagnostic imaging
  • Metabolic Diseases / etiology*
  • Metabolic Networks and Pathways / physiology*
  • Metabolomics / methods
  • Peptide Fragments / metabolism
  • Phosphatidylcholines / blood
  • Phosphatidylcholines / metabolism
  • Sphingomyelins / blood
  • Thiazoles / metabolism
  • tau Proteins / cerebrospinal fluid

Substances

  • 2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole
  • Amino Acids
  • Amyloid beta-Peptides
  • Aniline Compounds
  • Peptide Fragments
  • Phosphatidylcholines
  • Sphingomyelins
  • Thiazoles
  • amyloid beta-protein (1-42)
  • tau Proteins