Abstract
The success of immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced urothelial carcinoma provides patients with the prospect for durable objective responses. However, the majority of patients do not respond to immune checkpoint blockade. Several potential predictive biomarkers of response have been evaluated in hopes of better identifying likely responders, though each has been shown to have limitations. Going forward, development of reliable predictive biomarkers is imperative. Likewise, innovative treatment combination approaches to convert non-responders to responders are essential to continue making progress in the field.
Keywords:
Bladder; Immunotherapy; Urothelial carcinoma.
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
MeSH terms
-
Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological / therapeutic use*
-
B7-H1 Antigen / analysis
-
B7-H1 Antigen / antagonists & inhibitors
-
B7-H1 Antigen / immunology
-
Biomarkers, Tumor / analysis
-
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / chemistry
-
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / drug therapy
-
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / immunology
-
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / therapy*
-
Clinical Trials as Topic
-
Combined Modality Therapy
-
Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
-
Humans
-
Immunohistochemistry / methods
-
Immunotherapy*
-
Molecular Targeted Therapy*
-
Neoplasm Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors
-
Neoplasm Proteins / immunology
-
Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / analysis
-
Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / antagonists & inhibitors
-
Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / immunology
-
Therapies, Investigational
-
Tumor Escape / drug effects
-
Tumor Escape / immunology
-
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / chemistry
-
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / drug therapy
-
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / immunology
-
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / therapy*
Substances
-
Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological
-
B7-H1 Antigen
-
Biomarkers, Tumor
-
CD274 protein, human
-
Neoplasm Proteins
-
PDCD1 protein, human
-
Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor