More than 30 years into the HIV epidemic, research efforts are focusing on better understanding how the central nervous system (CNS) is adversely affected by HIV and on improving the quality of life of HIV-infected individuals. At the 2015 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, neurologic presentations concentrated on characterization of potential CNS reservoirs of HIV, the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction caused by HIV,neuroimaging biomarkers of HAND, and treatment of modifiable risk factors of HAND. Studies presented also highlighted research on CNS disorders in international, resource-limited settings, setting the stage for a growing collection of collaborative studies that will directly impact the largest concentrations of people living with HIV worldwide.