Bronchial asthma is a worldwide disease with high incidence. It not only harms children's physical and mental health, but it also brings a heavy burden to their families as well as the society. However, the trigger and pathogenesis of the disease remain unclear. This study aimed to analyze TRPV1 gene mutation and expression of cytokines in children with acute bronchial asthma before and after treatment, thus providing theoretical guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of bronchial asthma in children. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was adopted to detect TRPV1 mRNA expression level and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay was used to detect the serum total IgE level, eosinophil (EOS) number, IL-4, IL-5, and interferon (IFN) gamma levels in peripheral venous blood of children in the healthy control group and asthma group before and after treatment. Logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze the most essential factor inducing bronchial asthma in children. TRPV1 mRNA level of peripheral blood in the asthma group was higher than that in the control group before treatment (p < 0.01). The IL-4, IL-5, and EOS levels in serum were markedly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.01), whereas the IFN-gamma level was lower than that in the control group (p < 0.01). After conventional treatment, TRPV1 mRNA level increased significantly (p < 0.01). The levels of serum IL-4, IL-5, and EOS were significantly lower than those before treatment (p < 0.01), whereas, IFN-gamma level was higher than that before treatment (p < 0.01). Compared with that before treatment, the expression level of IgE showed a significant decrease after treatment (p < 0.01). The results of logistic regression analysis indicated that TRPV1 expression level, IL-4 level, and rs4790522 site mutation were the main risk factors inducing bronchial asthma in children. TRPV1 gene mutation was closely related to bronchial asthma in children, which provided a theoretical basis for the treatment and prognosis of children with bronchial asthma.