A comparison of iodinated trihalomethane formation from chlorine, chlorine dioxide and potassium permanganate oxidation processes

Water Res. 2015 Jan 1:68:394-403. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.040.

Abstract

This study compared the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) from iodide-containing raw waters oxidized by chlorine, chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) and potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) at different oxidant concentrations, reaction times, pHs, initial iodide concentrations and bromide to iodide mass ratios. Among the six investigated I-THMs, iodoform was the major species formed during the oxidation using chlorine, ClO₂ and KMnO₄. When oxidant concentration increased from 0.1 to 3.0 mg/L, the formation of I-THMs increased and then decreased for chlorine and ClO₂, but kept increasing for KMnO₄. As the reaction time went by, I-THM concentration increased to a plateau within 10 h (ClO₂ within only 1 h, especially) for all the three oxidants. I-THM formation gradually increased from pH 3.0 to 9.0 and remained stable at pH values higher than 7.5 for chlorine; however, for ClO₂ and KMnO₄ the highest I-THM formation showed at pH 7.0 and 7.5, respectively. As initial iodide concentration increased from 20 to 800 μg/L, the total amount and species of I-THMs increased for the three oxidants. Iodide contributed to I-THM formation much more significantly than bromide.

Publication types

  • Comparative Study
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Bromides / chemistry
  • Chlorine / chemistry*
  • Chlorine Compounds / chemistry*
  • Disinfection
  • Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
  • Iodine Compounds / chemistry*
  • Oxidation-Reduction
  • Oxides / chemistry*
  • Potassium Permanganate / chemistry*
  • Trihalomethanes / chemistry*
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical / analysis
  • Water Purification / methods*

Substances

  • Bromides
  • Chlorine Compounds
  • Iodine Compounds
  • Oxides
  • Trihalomethanes
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical
  • Potassium Permanganate
  • Chlorine
  • chlorine dioxide