Functional comparison of gnotobiotic Drosophila colonized by bacteria of fly origin (F) and non-fly origin (NF) (A) Kaplan-Mayer plots comparing the larval development time of gnotobiotic flies reared with the indicated microbiota treatments. Each plot includes data from axenic (dotted black line) and 5-species gnotobiotic (solid black line) single fly microbiota species gnotobiotic (solid red line) and single non-fly (NF) bacteria-associated flies (dotted red line) except for the top left panel in which the dotted red line represents the 5-species NF gnotobiotic treatment. P-value indicates the result of mixed effects cox model comparison of the bracketed strains. (B) Flies raised with the microbiota treatments indicated were compared for protein and triglyceride content, and food consumption. Statistically significant differences by pairwise t-test are indicated by * for P < 0.05 after correction for multiple comparisons; data presented are mean ± SE from 4 to 5 biological replicates, each with 3–5 technical replicates. Dark bars indicate axenic or fly isolate treatments, while light bars indicate non-fly isolate treatments. There were not significant changes in host glucose content between microbiota treatments (not shown). (C) Bacterial abundance was assessed by homogenization and plating of whole flies. A.po., A. pomorum; A.pa. A. pasteurianus (NF); A.t., A. tropicalis; L.b., L. brevis; L.f., L. fructivorans; L.p., L. plantarum; 5-sp., all 5 species.