Cell transplantation therapy with oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) is a promising and effective treatment for diseases involving demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). In previous studies, we succeeded in producing O4(+) oligodendrocytes (OLs) from mouse- and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in vitro; however, the efficiency of differentiation into OLs was lower for iPSCs than that for embryonic stem cells (ESCs). To clarify the cause of this difference, we compared the expression of proteins that contribute to OL differentiation in mouse iPSC-derived cells and in mouse ESC-derived cells. The results showed that the expression levels of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor P27/Kip1, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) JNK3, and transcription factor Mash1 were lower in iPSC-derived cells. In contrast, the expression levels of MAPK P38α, P38γ, and thyroid hormone receptor β1 were higher in iPSC-derived cells. We attempted to compensate for the expression changes in P27/Kip1 protein and Mash1 protein in iPSC-derived cells through retrovirus vector-mediated gene expression. Although the overexpression of Mash1 had no effect, the overexpression of P27/Kip1 increased the differentiation efficiency of iPSC-derived cells into O4(+) OLs.