Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal types of human cancer worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the diagnostic and biological significance of microRNA-194 (miR-194) in PDAC. miRNA expression profiling of human PDACs and adjacent normal pancreatic tissues identified a total of 16 genes including miR-194 with >1.15-fold expression changes (8 overexpressed and 8 underexpressed). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed elevation of serum miR-194 levels were significantly greater in PDAC patients than in duodenal adenocarcinoma patients and healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that serum miR-194 had a sensitivity of 54.3% and a specificity of 57.5% for discriminating PDAC patients from healthy controls. Combined analysis of the 3 groups yielded a sensitivity of 84.0 and a specificity of 75.0% for the combined detection of miR-192 and miR-194 in the diagnosis of PDAC. Ectopic expression of miR-194 in PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells enhanced cell proliferation, migration and colony formation, which was coupled with decreased expression of the tumor suppressor DACH1. miR-194 overexpression increased tumor growth and local invasion and suppressed the expression of DACH1 in an orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model. In conclusion, upregulation of miR-194 contributes to tumor growth and progression in PDAC, possibly through suppression of DACH1. However, serum miR-194 has a low capacity for detection of PDAC. Combined detection of serum miR-192 and miR-194 levels may serve as a sensitive diagnostic biomarker for PDAC.