The development of a safe, effective vaccine to prevent HIV infection is a key step for controlling the disease on a global scale. However, many aspects of HIV biology make vaccine design problematic, including the sequence diversity and structural variability of the surface envelope glycoproteins and the poor accessibility of neutralization-sensitive epitopes on the virus. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding HIV in a structural context using emerging tools in 3D electron microscopy, and outline how some of these advances could be important for a better understanding of mechanisms of viral entry and for vaccine design.
Keywords: cryo-electron tomography; focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); ion abrasion scanning electron microscopy (IA-SEM); vaccine design; virus–cell interaction.
Published by Elsevier Ltd.