Y-axis is the total L5/S1 moment. X-axis is the time of the lifting course. The thin solid curve is the dynamic L5/S1 joint moment during a lifting task (floor to shoulder height, 60 degree to the right). The thin dash line is the static L5/S1 joint moment. The bold solid curve is the reference L5/S1 joint moment from lift-off to set-down. The area under the bold dash line represents the TRAPEZOID method. The area under the bold dash-dot line represents the RECTANGLE method. Points A and C are the dynamic L5/S1 joint moment at lift-off and set-down, respectively. Points B and D are the static L5/S1 joint moment at lift-off and set-down, respectively.