The development of drugs to improve cognitive functions (cognitive enhancers) has been hampered by the failure to define pharmacologic targets. The justifications for the development of cognitive enhancers for medicine, the pharmaceutical industry, and society are outlined. The procedures required for the development of these drugs and their therapeutic objectives are discussed. It is concluded that a better definition of the direct targets of cognitive enhancers can guarantee cost and time savings for the industry and produce a therapeutically effective agent.