Interplay between microtubule dynamics and intracellular organization

Microtubules are hollow tubes essential for many cellular functions such as cell polarization and migration, intracellular trafficking and cell division. They are polarized polymers composed of α and β tubulin that are, in most cells, nucleated at the centrosome at the center of the cell. Microtubule plus-ends are oriented towards the periphery of the cell and explore the cytoplasm in a very dynamic manner. Microtubule alternate between phases of growth and shrinkage in a manner described as dynamic instability. Their dynamics is highly regulated by multiple factors: tubulin post-translational modifications such as detyrosination or acetylation, and microtubule-associated proteins, among them the plus-tip tracking proteins. This regulation is necessary for microtubule functions in the cell. In this review, we will focus on the role of microtubules in intracellular organization. After an overview of the mechanisms responsible for the regulation of microtubule dynamics, the major roles of microtubules dynamics in organelle positioning and organization in interphase cells will be discussed. Conversely, the role of certain organelles, like the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus as microtubule organizing centers will be reviewed. We will then consider the role of microtubules in the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity using few examples of cell polarization: epithelial cells, neurons and migrating cells. In these cells, the microtubule network is reorganized and undergoes specific and local regulation events; microtubules also participate in the intracellular reorganization of different organelles to ensure proper cell differentiation.