From the 9th century and for more than five centuries, the Arab speaking physicians, tireless translators of Greek treatises on which they based their conceptions of art, enriched the scientific equipment at their disposal by explanations and comments. Reflection led them sometimes to challenge the teaching of the Ancients and to search new ideas that led to medical advances, to develop methods and techniques and study of specific diseases. Examples illustrate this point of view: anatomical discoveries of by Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi and Ibn al-Nafis, minor surgical techniques in with Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), methods of extraction and dental prothesis in with Al-Zahrawi (Albucasis), study of melancholy in with Ishaq ibn Imran.