Behavioral, physiological, and imaging evidence of unconscious olfactory processing in Patient S. The graph in (a) shows the percentage of “yes” responses (indicating that S. detected an odor) in each condition of the odor-detection task. Unpleasant odors (“Unpl”), neutral odors (“Ntrl”), and air only were delivered in separate trials to the left nostril (L) and the right nostril (R). The dashed line indicates the chance percentage of “yes” responses (80%), and it reflects the fact that 80% of trials contained odors. Areas in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) showing greater activation in response to odors delivered to the left nostril, in comparison with air only, are shown in (b). Cyan curves demarcate the right OFC lesion. Amplitudes of the skin conductance response (SCR) to odor presentation are shown in (c), and areas showing greater left anterior OFC activity following unpleasant odors, compared with neutral odors, delivered to the left nostril are shown in (d). The display threshold for images in (b) and (d) is p < .005, uncorrected. Error bars in (c) represent standard deviations.