Usability of a virtual reality environment simulating an automated teller machine for assessing and training persons with acquired brain injury

J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2010 Apr 30:7:19. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-7-19.

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to examine the usability of a newly designed virtual reality (VR) environment simulating the operation of an automated teller machine (ATM) for assessment and training.

Design: Part I involved evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of a non-immersive VR program simulating an ATM (VR-ATM). Part II consisted of a clinical trial providing baseline and post-intervention outcome assessments.

Setting: A rehabilitation hospital and university-based teaching facilities were used as the setting.

Participants: A total of 24 persons in the community with acquired brain injury (ABI)--14 in Part I and 10 in Part II--made up the participants in the study.

Interventions: In Part I, participants were randomized to receive instruction in either an "early" or a "late" VR-ATM program and were assessed using both the VR program and a real ATM. In Part II, participants were assigned in matched pairs to either VR training or computer-assisted instruction (CAI) teaching programs for six 1-hour sessions over a three-week period.

Outcome measures: Two behavioral checklists based on activity analysis of cash withdrawals and money transfers using a real ATM were used to measure average reaction time, percentage of incorrect responses, level of cues required, and time spent as generated by the VR system; also used was the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination.

Results: The sensitivity of the VR-ATM was 100% for cash withdrawals and 83.3% for money transfers, and the specificity was 83% and 75%, respectively. For cash withdrawals, the average reaction time of the VR group was significantly shorter than that of the CAI group (p = 0.021). We found no significant differences in average reaction time or accuracy between groups for money transfers, although we did note positive improvement for the VR-ATM group.

Conclusion: We found the VR-ATM to be usable as a valid assessment and training tool for relearning the use of ATMs prior to real-life practice in persons with ABI.

Publication types

  • Randomized Controlled Trial

MeSH terms

  • Activities of Daily Living*
  • Adult
  • Brain Injuries / rehabilitation*
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Reaction Time
  • Sensitivity and Specificity
  • Therapy, Computer-Assisted / instrumentation*
  • Therapy, Computer-Assisted / methods*
  • User-Computer Interface*