The effect of different routes administration on 2OMePS RNA AON pharmacokinetics. (a) Antisense oligonucleotide (AON) plasma levels in mdx mice after single intramuscular [i.m., 0.25 mg (12.5 mg/kg)], intravenous [i.v., 1 mg (50 mg/kg)], intraperitoneal [i.p., 0.5 mg (25 mg/kg)], or subcutaneous [s.c., 0.5 mg (25 mg/kg)] injections of mouse exon 23–specific 2′-O-methyl-phosphorothioate AON (23AON), monitored from 5 to 90 minutes after injection, and compared with those after a single i.v. injection of 1 mg (50 mg/kg) in wild-type (WT) mice. (b) AON tissue levels in pooled skeletal muscle samples of treated mdx mice compared with those in kidney (K) and liver (L) after five i.v., s.c., or i.p. injections of 250 mg/kg in 1 week. (c) The corresponding exon 23 skipping levels in gastrocnemius (G), quadriceps (Q), triceps (T), heart (H), and diaphragm (D) after i.v., s.c., or i.p. injections. (d) Western blot analysis of total protein extracts isolated from Q, T, and H muscle of three mdx mice, all treated with five 250 mg/kg i.v. injections of 23AON, compared with a healthy muscle sample [healthy control (HC); diluted 1/25 to avoid overexposure].