Assessment of oxidative stress in Rhamdia quelen exposed to agrichemicals

Due to the proximity of crop and fish culture areas, some agrichemicals that could be harmful for fish could enter into fishponds by different ways, such as by leaching through rain. Rhamdia quelen (Teleostei) were exposed to sublethal concentrations of methyl parathion (MP), a glyphosate based herbicide (Gly), and tebuconazole (Teb). The liver of R. quelen exposed to MP and Teb showed enhanced levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), higher than in the control fish (56% and 59%, respectively). In contrast, Gly did not alter the TBARS generation. The protein carbonyl content increased only in fish exposed to Teb. Fish exposed to the three agrichemicals showed a significant decrease of catalase activity (52%, 48%, and 67%, respectively) and increased glutathione-S-transferase (57%, 46%, and 160%, respectively) activity. Fish exposed to MP, Gly, and Teb showed higher reduced glutathione (151%, 472%, and 130%, respectively, when compared with the control levels) and ascorbic acid concentrations (121%, 102%, and 184%, respectively),while the non-protein thiol content increased only in R. quelen exposed to tebuconazole. Fish exposed to MP and Teb showed several pathological changes in the liver, including hepatocyte degeneration and bile stagnation. The present work reports for the first time the toxicity of the pesticide MP and the fungicide Teb in R. quelen, and as in other works, suggests the relatively lower liver toxicity of Gly for fish. The data presented herein demonstrate that sublethal concentrations of MP and Teb cause changes in oxidative stress parameters as well as hepatic cell injuries in R. quelen, and that these parameters have the potential to be developed as bioindicators of exposure to these agrichemicals.