In a phase 3 multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of 298 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) plus plerixafor increased the proportion of patients who mobilized >or=5 x 10(6) CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)/kg compared with placebo plus G-CSF (P < .001). Patients in either study arm who failed mobilization (< 0.8 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg in 2 collections or <2 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg in 4 collections) were eligible to enter the opened-label rescue protocol. Following a 7-day minimum rest period, these patients received G-CSF (10 microg/kg/day) for 4 days, followed by daily plerixafor (0.24 mg/kg) plus G-CSF and apheresis for up to 4 days. Of the 68 patients failing initial mobilization (plerixafor, n = 11; placebo, n = 57), 62 patients (91%) entered the rescue procedure (plerixafor, n = 10; placebo, n = 52). Four of 10 patients (40%) from the plerixafor group and 33 of 52 (63%) from the placebo group mobilized sufficient CD34(+) cells (>or= 2 x 10(6) cells/kg) for transplantation from the rescue mobilization alone (P = .11). Engraftment of neutrophils (11 days) and platelets (20 days) was similar to that in patients who did not fail initial mobilization, and all patients had durable grafts at the 12-month follow-up. Common plerixafor-related adverse events (AEs) included mild gastrointestinal (GI) effects and injection site reactions. There were no drug-related serious AEs. These data support that plerixafor plus G-CSF can safely and effectively remobilize patients with NHL who have failed previous mobilization.