We report what is to our knowledge the first demonstration of simultaneous measurement of tropospheric temperature and aerosol extinction coefficient profiles using a high-spectral-resolution Rayleigh-Mie lidar. With the pressure at a single reference height independently provided, our lidar inversion is capable of deducing the vertical atmospheric profiles, including temperature, pressure, and density, as well as aerosol profiles, including backscatter ratio, extinction coefficient, and backscatter phase function.