Use of saline contrast echo timing to distinguish intracardiac and extracardiac shunts: failure of the 3- to 5-beat rule

Echocardiography. 2008 Nov;25(10):1127-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2008.00741.x.

Abstract

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is thought to be associated with cryptogenic stroke and migraine headache. Saline contrast echocardiography (SCE) is the gold standard for identifying the presence of right-to-left shunt, whether from PFO or pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM). The timing of left heart contrast entry during SCE is used to distinguish a PFO from a PAVM, a method that is not as specific as previously thought. In this report, we describe a patient with a SCE demonstrating the early appearance of left heart bubbles during good effort Valsalva injections that is ultimately proven to be due to a PAVM. The case illustrates the limited specificity of left heart contrast timing during SCE as the sole criteria for differentiating intracardiac and extracardiac shunts.

Publication types

  • Case Reports

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Arteriovenous Malformations / diagnosis*
  • Contrast Media
  • Diagnosis, Differential
  • Echocardiography / methods*
  • Echocardiography / trends
  • Foramen Ovale, Patent / diagnosis
  • Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / diagnosis
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Pulmonary Circulation*
  • Sodium Chloride*
  • Valsalva Maneuver

Substances

  • Contrast Media
  • Sodium Chloride