During the last few years, research in anticancer drug development has revealed a number of new approaches. These include new types of prodrugs, small peptides and synthetic molecules affecting signal transduction pathways and cell cycle, topoisomerase inhibitors, antisense compounds, anti-angiogenic and antimetastatic agents, gene therapy and vaccines. The aim of the meeting was to present and discuss the recent results in these areas, with respect to the R and D of new anticancer compounds. This review focuses on the most recent advances in anticancer drugs presented and discussed in the plenary sessions.