Comparison of the torque-rotation rate relationship of three bacteria species, E. coli (dotted line) (,), V. alginolyticus (dashed line) (), and Caulobacter (solid line; this work). Shaded lines for Caulobacter cover the range of high rotation rates, in which the torque values are not measured. Symbols indicate the measured torque and rotation rates of the motor for freely swimming cells of E. coli (triangle), V. alginolyticus (square), and Caulobacter (circle). The thin lines are the calculated load lines for a single flagellar filament of E. coli (dotted; assumed in isolation), V. alginolyticus (dashed), and Caulobacter (solid). The motor rotation rate of freely swimming E. coli is estimated based on the measured rotation rate of the flagellar bundle ().