In summary, prostatitis is a complex syndrome that spans a spectrum from acute prostatitis with a straightforward presentation to CP-CPPS with a complex array of symptoms. The identification of prostatic or pelvic pain becomes a requirement for the diagnosis of CP-CPPS. The NIH system of prostatitis categorization is a refinement of the traditional classification of prostatitis by Drach et al, which was based on the localization test of Meares and Stamey. The NIH categorization system allows for a framework to define the disease process, and the NIH-CPSI was created to quantify the symptoms of chronic prostatitis. Integral to the classification of prostatitis is the presence or absence of inflammation, determined by looking for leukocytes in the EPS, seminal fluid, and VB3 specimens. In addition, the role of bacteria as a cause in category III prostatitis continues to be debated. Future research into using inflammatory markers (eg, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-2) and using PCR to identify the presence of bacteria may further refine the pathophysiology of prostatitis. The mainstream treatment of chronic prostatitis involves antimicrobials, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, and alpha-blockers. The potential role of asymptomatic category IV chronic prostatitis in the etiology of prostate cancer may be delineated further with future research.