Abstract
Autoreactive lymphocytes are suppressed in healthy individuals by so-called peripheral tolerance. Accumulating evidence indicates that co-receptor signaling plays a pivotal role in the regulation of autoreactive lymphocytes. The positive regulatory co-receptors CD28 and inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) transduce stimulatory cosignals, whereas the negative regulatory co-stimulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 are critical for the regulation of peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity. PD-1 deficient mice develop lupus-like glomerulonephritis and arthritis on a C57Bl/6 background and autoimmune-dilated cardiomyopathy on a BALB/c background.
Publication types
-
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
-
Review
MeSH terms
-
Abatacept
-
Animals
-
Antigens, CD
-
Antigens, Differentiation / immunology*
-
Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / immunology*
-
Antigens, Surface*
-
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
-
Autoimmune Diseases / etiology
-
Autoimmune Diseases / immunology
-
Autoimmunity / immunology
-
CD28 Antigens / immunology*
-
CTLA-4 Antigen
-
Immunoconjugates*
-
Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
-
Ligands
-
Lymphocytes / immunology
-
Mice
-
Mice, Inbred BALB C
-
Mice, Inbred C57BL
-
Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
-
Proteins / immunology*
Substances
-
Antigens, CD
-
Antigens, Differentiation
-
Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
-
Antigens, Surface
-
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
-
CD28 Antigens
-
CTLA-4 Antigen
-
Ctla4 protein, mouse
-
Icos protein, mouse
-
Immunoconjugates
-
Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
-
Ligands
-
Pdcd1 protein, mouse
-
Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
-
Proteins
-
Abatacept