The systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a critical role in cardiovascular (CV) homeostasis. All components of the RAS are also known to be produced cell-specifically within specific brain regions, although the role of the brain RAS relative to the systemic RAS has remained a puzzle due to the difficulty of dissecting these two systems. Selectively targeting these regions with genes that modify the RAS could help unravel this puzzle. We compared the ability of adenovirus (Ad) and lentivirus (feline immunodeficiency virus, FIV) vectors to mediate gene delivery in vivo to the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and subfornical organ (SFO), two important CV control regions known to express the various RAS genes. SON or SFO of adult C57BL/6 mice (n=37) were stereotaxically injected with replication-deficient recombinant Ad or FIV harboring a beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) reporter gene. At 1, 3, or 8 weeks post-injection, brain sections were processed for beta-Gal activity, double immunofluorescence to verify cell-type specificity of viral transduction, or immunohistochemical detection of inflammatory mediators. Our results demonstrate that: (1) murine SFO and SON can be selectively targeted for gene transfer in vivo;(2) FIV mediated neuron-specific gene delivery, whereas Ad transduced both neuronal and glial cell types in SFO and SON; (3) Ad injected into the SON transduced neurons within the SFO through retrograde transport, whereas FIV did not; (4) beta-gal activity remained stable for 3 weeks but then declined by 8 weeks with Ad, while minimal decline occurred with FIV; (5) FIV did not cause inflammatory responses, whereas infiltrate was detectable in Ad-injected SFO and SON. These vectors are potentially important tools for dissecting the cell- and site-specific components of the brain RAS and other important CV regulatory systems within this circuitry, and may have therapeutic applications for centrally mediated CV diseases.