Radiation dosimetry has been developed by means of physical, chemical and biological methods. A different approach to calculate the absorbed dose is related to the assay in body fluids of some molecules that modify their concentration after irradiation. The salivary glands in humans appear particularly radiosensitive and the effects of ionizing radiation can be evaluated by means of the determination of serum amylase (produced by acinar cells) and Tissue Polypeptide Antigen (TPA, synthesized by ductal cells). Patients submitted to external radiotherapy for tumours localized in the head and neck region show early and late effects on salivary glands. The modification of amylase activity and TPA appear as a progressive statistically significant increase within two days. Levels of 200-300% of baseline value are reached, followed by a rapid return to preirradiation levels. The use of different doses per fraction and fractionation schedules (conventional or multiple daily fractionations) confirm the direct correlation between the absorbed dose and serum amylase and TPA levels. It is worth noting that the irradiation of pancreas region did not produce any effect on amylase activity. The correlation may be assumed as linear for a short dose range (2-6 Gy) whereas in the range from 0.5 to 10 Gy a sigmoid curve represents the experimental data. Both molecules confirm their capability to quantify the absorbed dose in patients with thyroid carcinoma submitted to metabolic treatment with iodine-131. The effects of radiation are species-specific and are absent in laboratory mammals. The easiness of the determination of serum amylase and TPA lead us to propose the test as biochemical dosimeter for cosmic rays exposure during prolonged staying in the space.