Genealogy showing haplogroup designations and the defining mutations. The coalescence time, in generations, of chromosomes within indicated haplogroups was estimated by inferring the founder haplotype, where possible, as the modal allele at each locus and by using methods described by Thomas et al. (), corrected for length dependence (Goldstein et al., ). The applied mutation rate was 2.8×10-3 (Kayser et al. ), which resulted in the following estimates for indicated haplogroups: E, 304 generations; G, 344 generations; H, 179 generations; L, 524 generations; and C, 871 generations.