Five major geographic regions of Brazil: N = northern, NE = northeastern, SE = southeastern, S = southern, and CW = central west. Brazilian states from which the mtDNA lineages of the present study have mainly been sampled are indicated by name.

Classification tree highlighting selected diagnostic sites and positions for haplogroups present in the Brazilian sample (see tables andtable 6). Each square represents the root node of the respective haplogroup, with the acronym inscribed; two central/eastern-African haplogroups, represented by circles, are only partially characterized (T. Kisivild, personal communication). “CRS” indicates the revised reference sequence (Andrews et al. ). Numbers along links refer to RFLP sites (with arrows pointing to presence of sites) or transitions, unless a single-letter suffix indicates a transversion. Note that some diagnostic sites and positions, especially in the control region, have undergone recurrent mutations. The root of the tree, labeled “mtEve,” is inferred by employing the Neanderthal HVS-I and HVS-II sequences (Krings et al. , ) and the coding-region sequences of bonobo and common chimpanzee (Horai et al. ) as outgroups; this corroborates the rooting of the Vigilant () tree.