Thirty five patients with tuberculous peritonitis were studied retrospectively. Tuberculous peritonitis was defined as the isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from ascites or dialysate, and/or caseating granuloma/acid-fast bacilli from peritoneal biopsy specimens from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis or a response to treatment for tuberculosis. Among the patients studied, nine with cirrhosis of the liver; seven with diabetes mellitus and six with end-stage renal disease, of whom four had undergone continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The most frequent signs of tuberculous peritonitis included ascites, fever and anemia. Ascites was found in 31 patients (89%). Abnormal findings on chest radiographs were found in 26 patients (74%), of whom 22 patients (63%) had pleural effusion and five had miliary lung lesions. Seven out of 35 patients were found to have positive culture of sputum or pleural effusion for M. tuberculosis. Two patients were found to have concomitant tuberculous peritonitis and enteritis. Multiple organ involvement was found in eight patients. Eleven patients (31%) died: eight were older than 60 years; six had cirrhosis of the liver and nine were diagnosed post-mortemly. In Taiwan, tuberculous peritonitis should be considered in patients with abnormality of chest radiography and nonresolving peritonitis.