PMC

Hh pathway in Hh signaling. In the absence of ligands Ptch inhibits SMO and then inactivates the signaling pathway (a). (b) In the presence of ligands, ligands bind to the Ptch, and the activation of SMO and signaling pathway occurs (b).

Hippo pathway. (a) During signaling pathway; the upstream components (MST1/1, LATS1/2) phosphorylate the downstream components and result in inactivation of pathway. (b) During GC; the expression of MST1/2 and LATS1/2 decreased and failed to phosphorylate YAP/TAZ. YAP/TAZ translocates to the nucleus and binds to the TEAD, resulting in transcription of target genes.