PMC

Effect of NLAG on the collagen deposition in the rat heart, as assessed by Masson and HE staining. NLAG, N(2)-L-alanyl-L-glutamine; IRI, ischemia-reperfusion injury; HE, Hematoxylin & Eosin.

Effect of NLAG on oxidative stress in the rats, assessed by ELISA. (A) MDA and (B) SDH levels. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05 vs. sham group; ^#P<0.05 vs. IRI group. NLAG, N(2)-L-alanyl-L-glutamine; IRI, ischemia-reperfusion injury; MDA, malondialdehyde; SDH, succinate dehydrogenase.

Effect of NLAG on inflammatory cytokines in rats, assessed by ELISA. (A) IL-1β, (B) IL-6β and (C) TNF-α levels. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05 vs. sham group; ^#P<0.05 vs. IRI group. NLAG, N(2)-L-alanyl-L-glutamine; IRI, ischemia-reperfusion injury; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Effect of NLAG on hemodynamic parameters of the rat heart. (A) LVDP, (B) HR and (C) +dP/dtmax. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05 vs. sham group; ^#P<0.05 vs. IRI group. NLAG, N(2)-L-alanyl-L-glutamine; IRI, ischemia-reperfusion injury; LVDP, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; HR, heart rate; +dP/dtmax, maximum rate of left ventricular pressure.

Expression levels of Bax, Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 proteins were detected by western blot assay. (A) Western blot analysis of Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3. (B) Protein expression of Bax, Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 gene expression. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05 vs. sham group; ^#P<0.05 vs. IRI group. NLAG, N(2)-L-alanyl-L-glutamine; IRI, ischemia-reperfusion injury; Bcl, B-cell lymphoma; Bax, Bcl-associated X protein.

Expression levels of JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3, p-STAT3 proteins were detected by western blot assay. (A) Western blot analysis of JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3 and p-STAT3 protein expression levels. (B) Protein levels of JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3 and p-STAT3. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05 vs. sham group; ^#P<0.05 vs. IRI group. NLAG, N(2)-L-alanyl-L-glutamine; IRI, ischemia-reperfusion injury; JAK, Janus kinase; STAT, Signal transducer and activator of transcription; p, phosphorylated.

Effect of NLAG on cardiac enzymes in rats, assessed by ELISA. (A) LDH, (B) cTnI, (C) CK and (D) hFABP. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05 vs. sham group; ^#P<0.05 vs. IRI group. NLAG, N(2)-L-alanyl-L-glutamine; IRI, ischemia-reperfusion injury; LDH, lactase dehydrogenase; cTnI, troponin I; CK, creatine kinase; hFABP, heart type fatty acid binding protein.