PMC

Representation of the levels of heterogeneity considered in this study. Solid and dotted lines represent parameters and components contributing to diversity and structure, respectively. The figure is based on Stein and Kreft ()

Count of experimental pines where sawfly cocoon groups have been detected (black bars; at least one cocoon preyed upon) and entirely preyed upon (white bars; >80% for the group of 10 and 50). For each group size, the total number of experimental pines was 50

Proportion of sawfly cocoons preyed upon in relation to two dead wood manipulation treatments and the proportion of pines around each experimental pine. Solid line and filled gray points represent the wood addition treatment while dotted line and empty points represent wood removal treatment. The number of observations was 63, points might overlap

Proportion of sawfly cocoons preyed upon in relation to the natural logarithm of tree density surrounding the experimental pines. Solid curve is fitted generalized liner mixed model with penalized quasi‐likelihood estimation. The number of observations was 150 (50 experimental pines, three categories of group size), points might overlap

Probability of sawfly cocoons being preyed upon in relation to the natural logarithm of tree density surrounding the experimental pines. Solid curve is fitted generalized liner mixed model with binomial error distribution. The number of observations was 150 (50 experimental pines, three categories group size), points might overlap

Probability of sawfly cocoons being preyed upon in relation to two categories of dead wood amount and proportion of pines. Solid line and filled points represent presence of wood, dotted line and empty points represent absence of dead wood. Solid and dotted curves are fitted generalized liner mixed model with binomial error distribution. The sample size was 150 (50 experimental pines, three categories of group size), points might overlap