PMC

Distribution of monocyte subsets in early-onset OCD patients (N = 91) and healthy controls (HC, N = 34). a Percentage of total monocytes in OCD patients and healthy controls. b Percentage of all CD16+ monocytes, including CD14^highCD16^low and CD14^lowCD16^high monocytes, in OCD patients and healthy controls. c Percentage of classical (CD14^highCD16−), intermediate (CD14^highCD16^low), and non-classical (CD14^lowCD16^high) monocytes in OCD patients and healthy controls. Results are expressed as means ± SEM of the original data, prior to log transformation. Statistical analysis was performed using univariate general linear model adjusted for age and gender with natural-log-transformed data. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001

Cytokine secretion by purified monocytes of early-onset OCD and healthy controls. Monocytes were cultured for 24 h with vehicle, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 1 ng/mL or pretreatment with dexamethasone (DEX) 100 nM for 30 min followed by addition of LPS 1 ng/mL. Cytokine secretion was assessed in culture supernatants using Luminex xMAP Technology. Due to limitations of the immunoassay sensitivity, the sample sizes may vary for each cytokine: IL-1β, 100 OCD and 43 controls; IL-6, 79 OCD and 39 controls; GM-CSF, 100 OCD and 44 controls; TNF-α, 98 OCD and 44 controls; and IL-8, 79 OCD and 40 controls. Results are expressed as means ± SEM of the original data, prior to log transformation. Statistical analysis was performed using univariate general linear model adjusted for age and gender with natural-log-transformed data.*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01

Influence of medication on immune parameters in OCD. a Distribution of monocyte subsets (percentages of all CD16+, classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes) in peripheral blood of medicated (N = 71) and non-medicated patients (N = 20) with early-onset OCD and healthy controls (HC, N = 34). b Cytokine secretion by purified monocytes of medicated and non-medicated patients with early-onset OCD and healthy controls after 24 h of stimulation with LPS 1 ng/mL (IL-1β 43 controls, 80 medicated OCD, 20 non-medicated OCD; IL-8 40 controls, 62 medicated OCD, 17 non-medicated OCD; IL-6 39 controls, 66 medicated-OCD, 13 non-medicated OCD; GM-CSF 44 controls, 80 medicated OCD, 20 non-medicated OCD; TNF-α 44 controls, 79 medicated OCD, 19 non-medicated OCD). Results are expressed as means ± SEM of the original data, prior to log transformation. Statistical analysis was performed using univariate general linear model adjusted for age and gender with natural-log-transformed data. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001