PMC

Ethnic differences among boys, expressed as effect sizes (Cohen's d = ratio of the mean difference to the pooled standard deviation), with pointwise 95% confidence bands. Interaction effects between ethnicity and biological age are represented by χ² values, with (degrees of freedom) dependent on the number of spline terms fitted, *p < 0.05.

Ethnic differences among girls, expressed as effect sizes (Cohen's d = ratio of the mean difference to the pooled standard deviation), with pointwise 95% confidence bands. Interaction effects between ethnicity and biological age are represented by χ² values, with (degrees of freedom) dependent on the number of spline terms fitted, *p < 0.05.

Mean trajectories of metaphyseal CSA (upper left panel), trabecular BMD (upper right panel), diaphyseal CSA (middle left panel), cortical CSA (middle right panel), cortical BMD (lower left panel), and SSIp (lower right panel) for black and white girls and boys at the radius and tibia, predicted based on the fixed effects coefficients in Table . All predictions were generated for a voxel size of 0.4 mm, with the random effects set to zero.

Schematic summary of pQCT outcomes at an arbitrary biological age of 4 years post‐APHV. Darker fill indicates greater cortical BMD (proximal site) or trabecular BMD (distal site), on distinct scales. Cross‐sectional areas are to scale but are drawn using an unrealistic cylindrical model of bone shape. Within each plot, the four quadrants show summaries for black boys (BM), white boys (WM), white girls (WF), and black girls (BF), clockwise from top right.