PMC

Human clinical indications concentrating on anti-inflammatory effects. Autoimmune thyroiditis; muscle exercise and recovery; Achilles tendinopathy; knee arthritis; psoriasis; alopecia areata.

Chromophores in PBM. Cytochrome c oxidase in respiratory chain absorbs mainly red (and NIR) light by heme and copper; Heat-gated TRP ion channels absorb NIR (and blue light) via structured water; opsins absorb mainly blue/green light via cis-retinal; flavoproteins and cryptochromes absorb mainly blue light via pterin.

Dose response of 810 nm laser in cortical neurons. (A) ATP production as a function of fluence; (B) Mitochondrial membrane potential (JC1 red/green ratio); (C) Mitochondrial ROS. Figure adapted from data in [].

NFkB is activated by PBM induced ROS in embryonic fibroblasts. (A) Intracellular ROS measured by DCDHF fluorescence; (B) NF-kB activation measured by a luciferase assay; (C) NF-kB activation is inhibited by antioxidants; (D) ATP increase is not affected by antioxidants. Figure adapted from data in [].

Animal models in which the anti-inflammatory effects of PBM have been shown. Acute traumatic brain injury; experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; spinal cord injury; wound healing; muscle exercise and recovery; inflammatory pain in paw; abdominal fat; lung inflammation; knee arthritis.

PBM reduces inflammatory markers in activated murine DCs in vitro. (A) Flow cytometry was used to measure MHC class II, CD86, CD11c (dexamethasone was used as positive control); (B) Secreted IL12 measured by ELISA. Figure adapted from data in [].

PBM reduces oxidative stress in cortical neurons. Oxidative stress was induced by three different treatments (cobalt chloride, hydrogen peroxide, rotenone) and cells were treated with 3 J/cm² 810 nm. (A) Mitochondrial ROS, (B) Mitochondrial membrane potential (tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester). Figure adapted from data in [].