PMC

Changes (mean ± SD) of upper arm circumference (a) and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the elbow flexors (b) measured before (pre) and immediately after (post) the eccentric contractions exercise and then 1, 2, 3, and 5 days later in the control and EPA groups. The values of upper arm circumference and CSA at post, 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after eccentric contractions were calculated by relative changes from baseline (100%). n.s. not significant

Changes (mean ± SD) of nerve conduction latency measured before (pre) and immediately after (post) the eccentric contractions exercise and then 1, 2, 3, and 5 days later in the control and EPA groups. The values of nerve conduction latency at post, 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after eccentric contractions were calculated by relative changes from baseline (100%). * p < 0.05 for the difference between groups, † p < 0.05 for the difference from the pre-exercise value in the control group

Changes (mean ± SD) of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque (a), range of motion (ROM) (b), muscle soreness (c), and echo intensity (d) measured before (pre) and immediately after (post) the eccentric contractions exercise and then 1, 2, 3, and 5 days later in the control and EPA groups. The values of MVC torque, ROM, and echo intensity at post, 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after eccentric contractions were calculated by relative changes from baseline (100%). * p < 0.05 for the difference between groups; † p < 0.05 for the difference from the pre-exercise value in the control group, # p < 0.05 for the difference from pre-exercise value in the EPA group