PMC

The questionnaire assessed the satisfaction of participants with the simulation. The maximum score was 80 points. The error bars are ±1 SD. SAST indicates synthetic anatomy for surgical tasks.

All error bars are ±1 SD. Mean scores from the Surgeon Self-efficacy questionnaire among residents (A) and experts (B), used to assess a participant’s confidence in his or her teamwork skills before and after training. Mean scores from Nontechnical Skills Assessment (NOTECHS) questionnaire for residents (C) and experts (D) and mean scores from the Trauma Management Skills assessment for residents (E) and experts (F). Scores from in-person and video-based evaluations are pooled in these plots. Mean scores from crisis resource management (CRM) checklist for residents (G) and experts (H) are used for a formative assessment of team performance. SAST indicates synthetic anatomy for surgical tasks.