PMC

Exercise-induced gene expression for PGC1α and MuRF-1 (A), and TNF-α and NF-κB (B) before and after short-term exercise training. White bars denote before training, while black bars denote after training. Values are reported as means ± SE. #P < 0.05, significant acute response to exercise compared with preexercise. *P < 0.05 denotes a significant interaction between trials.

Myocellular stress following short-term exercise training. Quantification and representative images of phosphorylated to total SAPK/JNK (A) and protein oxidation (B). White bars denote before training, while black bars denote after training. In representative blots, B denotes before training, while A denotes after training. Values are expressed as means ± SE. *P < 0.05, significant difference compared with before training.

Effect of short-term exercise training on markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. A: basal mRNA expression of proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC1α) and citrate synthase before and after short-term training. B: quantification and representative images of citrate synthase. In representative blots, B denotes before training, while A denotes after training. Values are expressed as means ± SE. White bars denote before training, while black bars denote after training.

Cellular markers of protein synthesis following short-term exercise training. A: basal mRNA expression of myostatin before and after short-term training. B: quantification and representative images of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein (4EBP1). In representative blots, B denotes before training, while A denotes after training. Values are expressed as means ± SE. White bars denote before training, while black bars denote after training. *P ≤ 0.05 compared with before training.

Effect of short-term training on intracellular inflammation and protein stability. A: basal mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB. Data are expressed as arbitrary units (AU), in which each gene of interest is normalized to GAPDH (2^−ΔC_T × 10⁴). B and C: quantification and representative images of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD; B), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70; C). D: basal mRNA expression of MuRF-1 before and after training. White bars denote before training, while black bars denote after training. In representative blots, B denotes before training, while A denotes after training. Values are expressed as means ± SE. *P < 0.05 compared with before training.