PMC

Spectrum of discrepancy recognition. For any research paper with discrepancies, this plot tests the hypothesis that each reader is capable of finding them on their own, and therefore does not need the discrepancies to be communicated via the journal. Each black area represents a detected discrepancy. Each of the 39 columns represents a different discrepancy and has been arranged by decreasing chance of detection by participants. Each of the 260 rows represents a participant and has been arranged from most successful in detecting discrepancies at the top to least successful at the bottom. If all readers were capable of detecting all discrepancies independently, the entire diagram would be black. The concentration of black areas in the top-left corner indicates that some discrepancies were much easier to find than others.