PMC

A–I: 3D reconstruction from microCT images of E18.5 control (Control; A–C), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (R2 CKO; D–F), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ (R2 CKO;R1^+/−; GI) mice. (A, D, G) Top view; (B, E, H): front view; (C, F, I) top view. Scale bar: 1 millimeter.

A–C: 3D reconstruction from microCT images of E18.5 control (Control; A), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (R2 CKO; B), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ (R2 CKO;R1^+/−; C) mice. D–F: 3D reconstruction from microCT images of E16.5 control (Control; D), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (R2 CKO; E), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ (R2 CKO;R1^+/−; F) mice. Colors identify the maxilla (turquoise), premaxilla (green), palatine bone (beige), nasal bone (purple), frontal bone (blue), parietal bone (yellow), interparietal bone (red), occipital bone (pink), and mandible (orange). Scale bar: 1 millimeter.

A–I: Isolated palatine bone from control (A–C), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (R2 CKO; D–F), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ mice (R2 CKO;R1^+/−; G–I) mice. P←→A: Posterior to Anterior J: Quantification of the size (length, width, height, and distance) of the palatine bone from control (blue bars), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (red bars), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ (green bars) mice. *p<0.01. K: Quantification of the volume of the palatine bone from control (blue bar), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (red bar), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ (green bar) mice. *p<0.01. Definitions of landmarks: 1. Most anterio-lateral point of the palatine plate; 2. Tip of the orbital process; 3. Lateral point of the palatine bone; 4. Posterior point of the palatine bone; 5. Posterior-medial point of the horizontal plate of the palatine bone; 6. Anterior-medial point of the horizontal plate of the palatine bone; 7. Anterior superior point of the perpendicular plate. Scale bar: 1 millimeter.

A–I: Isolated premaxilla from control (A–C), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (R2 CKO; D–F), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ mice (R2 CKO;R1^+/−;G–I) mice. P←→A: Posterior to Anterior J: Quantification of the size (length, width, and height) of the premaxilla from control (blue bars), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (red bars), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ (green bars) mice. *p<0.01. K: Quantification of the volume of the premaxilla from control (blue bar), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (red bar), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ mice (green bar) mice. *p<0.01. Definitions of landmarks: 1. Most anterior superior point of the premaxilla; 2. Most lateral point of the premaxillary-maxillary suture; 3. Tip of the frontal process; 4. Most medial point of the premaxillary-maxillary suture; 5. Most anterior point of the anterior palatine foramen; 6. Most posterior point of the premaxilla; 7. Most posterior point of the incisive foramen. Scale bar: 1 millimeter.

A–I: Isolated maxilla from control (A–C), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (R2 CKO; D–F), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ mice (R2 CKO;R1^+/−; G–I) mice. P←→A: Posterior to Anterior J: Quantification of the size (length, width, height, and distance) of the maxilla from control (blue bars), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (red bars), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ (green bars) mice. *p<0.01. K: Quantification of the volume of the maxilla from control (blue bar), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (red bar), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ mice (green bar) mice. *p<0.01. Definitions of landmarks: 1. Anterior point of the maxilla; 2. Lateral inferior intersection of the frontal and zygomatic process; 3. Tip of the zygomatic process of maxilla; 4. Anterio-medial point to the zygomatic process; 5. Posterior point of the maxilla; 6. Posterior-lateral point of the palatine process of the maxilla; 7. Posterior-medial point of the palatine process of the maxilla; 8. Most anterior-medial point of the palatine process of the maxilla; 9. Anterior-lateral point of the palatine process of the maxilla; 10. Medial point of the premaxillary-maxillary suture. Scale bar: 1 millimeter.

A–F: Isolated frontal bone from control (A and B), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (R2 CKO; C and D), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ (R2 CKO;R1^+/−; E and F) mice. P←→A: Posterior to Anterior G: Quantification of the size (length, width, and height) of the frontal bone from control (blue bars), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (red bars), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ (green bars) mice. *p<0.01. H: Quantification of the volume and surface area of the frontal bone from control (blue bars), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (red bars), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ mice (green bars). *p<0.01. Definitions of landmarks: 1. Most anterior-superior point of the frontal bone; 2. Most posterior-superior point of the frontal bone; 3. Most posterior-lateral intersection of the frontal bone and parietal bone; 4. Most posterior-inferior point of the frontal bone; 5. Most anterior-inferior point of the frontal bone; 6. Most posterior point of the orbitocranial canal. Scale bar: 1 millimeter.

A–I: Isolated mandible from control (A–C), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (R2 CKO; D–F), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ (R2 CKO;R1^+/−; G–I) mice. P←→A: Posterior to Anterior J: Quantification of the size (length and width) of the mandible from control (blue bars), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (red bars), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ (green bars) mice. *p<0.01. K: Quantification of the volume and surface area of the mandible from control (blue bars), Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (red bars), and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5^fl/+ (green bars) mice. *p<0.01. Definitions of landmarks: 1. Most anterior point of the mandible; 2. Anterior-superior point of the mandible; 3. Mental foramen; 4. Molar alveolus of dentary; 5. Anterior junction of the mandibular ramus and body; 6. Superior tip of the coronary process; 7. Most inferior point of the mandibular notch; 8. Anterior point of the condylar process; 9. Posterior point of the condylar process; 10. Superior point of the angular process; 11. Secondary cartilage of the angular process; 12. Inferior junction of the mandibular ramus and body; 13. Midpoint of the external oblique ridge; 14. Inferior point of the mandibular body; 15. Mandibular foramen. Scale bar: 1 millimeter.