PMC

Prior to treatment, patients with social anxiety disorder who exhibited greater posterior activation (left panel) for angry relative to neutral facial expressions had better clinical response to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) than patients who exhibited lesser activation (right panel) (based on ).

Mean regional activity values for remitters and nonresponders segregated by treatment (either Escitalopram given as escitalopram oxalate or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)) are plotted for the 6 regions showing a significant treatment × outcome analysis of variance interaction effect. Regional metabolic activity values are displayed as region/whole-brain metabolism converted to z scores. From .

1) Discovery Phase. Explore and evaluate associations between baseline neuromarkers and behavioral outcomes. 2) Cross-Validation Phase. A cross-validation routine is used to separate data into training and test sets. The model is built using training data and tested on out-of-sample test data. Upon successful evaluation of the performance of the model and features, all data are used to build a prediction model. 3) Generalization Phase. A prediction model built via cross-validation is applied to a new data set. The new data are then used to update the model.

(A–B) fMRI predictor of reading gains in dyslexia. (A) Greater activation for a phonological task in right inferior frontal gyrus (Rt IFG) predicted (B) greater gains in reading 2.5 years later in dyslexic children; each red circle is an individual (based on ). (C–D) MRI predictor of math tutoring gains in students. (C) Greater grey-matter volume of right (R) hippocampus predicted (D) greater performance gains in students after 8 weeks of tutoring; each blue circle is an individual (from ).