PMC

Distribution of motile sperm based on straight line velocity (VSL) at 0 h of incubation. Sperm motility was analyzed immediately after treatment with a Percoll gradient (bull I).

Mean intracellular cAMP concentration in sperm at 2 h after incubation. Lines of the boxes delineate the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, and the whiskers depict the 10th and 90th percentiles of a population. ^{a, b} Different letters indicate a significant difference among groups (P < 0.05). *The asterisk indicates a significant difference from the control. Six replicates per group were performed. Control and nontreatment, mBO medium only; PHE, mixture of D-penicillamine, hypotaurine, and epinephrine; Theo, theophylline.

The sperm motility and sperm motility parameters during incubation in IVF medium supplemented with or without PHE mixture and theophylline. A: % of total motile sperm; B: % of motile sperm with a VSL of ≥ 25 µm/sec; C: mean VAP (µm/sec); D: mean LIN (%); E: mean BCF (Hz); F: mean ALH (µm). Values in panels C to F were calculated by using sperm that showed a VSL of ≥ 25 µm/sec. ^a,b,c Values with different letters differ significantly (P < 0.05). The error bar indicates the SEM. Nontreatment, mBO medium only; PHE, mixture of D-penicillamine, hypotaurine, and epinephrine; Theo, theophylline. VSL, straight line velocity; VAP, average path velocity; LIN, linearity (VSL/VCL [curvilinear velocity] × 100); BCF, flagellar beat cross frequency; ALH, amplitude of lateral head.